-
1 reader for the press
Общая лексика: корректор-сводчик -
2 reader
1. n этот ребёнок плохо читаетtouch reader — человек, умеющий читать азбуку Брайля
2. n читатель3. n любитель чтенияhe is not much of a reader — он мало читает, он не любит читать
4. n чтец; чтица, лектриса5. n ридер; доцентReader in Geography — ридер, читающий географию
6. n полигр. рецензент издательства7. n полигр. корректор8. n полигр. подчитчик9. n полигр. хрестоматия; сборник текстов для чтения10. n полигр. аппарат для чтения микрофильмов11. n полигр. вчт. читающее устройство, считывательan avid reader — человек, читающий запоем
12. n полигр. вчт. программа чтения13. n полигр. сл. рецепт на наркотик14. n полигр. сл. объявление о розыске преступникаthe story has so many twists and turns that the reader becomes lost — в рассказе столько поворотов и отступлений, что читатель совершенно теряется
15. n церк. мирянин, проводящий богослужение16. n церк. компонент сложных слов со значением умеющий читать -
3 reader
[ʹri:də] n1. см. read III + -er2. 1) читатель2) любитель чтенияhe is not much of a reader - он мало читает, он не любит читать
3. чтец; чтица, лектриса4. (Reader) ридер ( второй по старшинству преподаватель университета после профессора); доцентReader in Geography [English Literature] - ридер /доцент/, читающий географию [доцент кафедры английской литературы]
5. полигр.1) (внутренний) рецензент издательства (тж. publisher's reader)reader to the Cambridge University Press - штатный рецензент издательства Кембридж Юниверсити Пресс
2) корректор3) подчитчик6. хрестоматия; сборник текстов для чтения7. 1) аппарат для чтения микрофильмов (тж. microfilm reader)2) вчт. читающее устройство, считыватель3) вчт. программа чтения8. сл. рецепт на наркотик9. сл. объявление о розыске преступника10. pl сл. краплёные карты11. церк.1) (церковный) чтец2) мирянин, проводящий богослужение ( в англиканской церкви; тж. lay reader)12. компонент сложных слов со значением умеющий читатьare you a mind-reader? - вы что, умеете читать в сердцах?
♢
reader identification - а) самоотождествление читателя с героем литературного произведения; б) стремление автора подделаться под вкусы и интересы читателя -
4 reader
ˈri:də сущ.
1) читатель avid, voracious reader ≈ человек, читающий запоем regular reader (of a newspaper) ≈ постоянный читатель (газеты)
2) чтец Syn: lector
3) а) рецензент (тж. publisher's reader) б) корректор Syn: proofreader ∙ copy reader
4) брит. преподаватель( in - какого-л. предмета) звание преподавателя университета, колледжа, ниже профессора reader in physics ≈ преподаватель физики Syn: lecturer, senior lecturer
5) хрестоматия (книга с текстами для чтения по какому-л. предмету) a Latin Reader ≈ хрестоматия для чтения по латинскому языку читатель - the child is a poor * этот ребенок плохо читает - my fair *s дорогие читатели (в авторских обращениях) - *'s slip читательское требование( в библиотеке) - *'s councellor консультант( библиотеки) любитель чтения - he is not much of a * он мало читает, он не любит читать чтец;
чтица;
лектриса (R.) ридер (второй по старшинству преподаватель университета после профессора) ;
доцент - R. in Geography ридер /доцент/, читающий географию (полиграфия) (внутренний) рецензент издательства (тж. publishers *) - *'s note аннотация - * to the Cambridge University Press штатный рецензент издательства Кембридж Юниверсити Пресс корректор - *'s marks корректурные знаки - *'s proof первая корректура - * for the press корректор-сводчик подчитчик хрестоматия;
сборник текстов для чтения - first * букварь аппарат для чтения микрофильмов (тж. microfilm *) (компьютерное) читающее устройство, считыватель( компьютерное) программа чтения (сленг) рецепт на наркотик( сленг) объявление о розыске преступника - they got *s out on him полиция расклеила объявления о его розыске pl (сленг) крапленые карты (церковное) (церковный) чтец (церковное) мирянин, проводящий богослужение( в англиканской церкви;
тж. lay *) компонент сложных слов со значением: умеющий читать - thought-reader чтец чужих мыслей - are you a mind-reader? вы что, умеете читать в сердцах? > * identification самоотождествление читателя с героем литературного произведения;
стремление автора подделаться под вкусы и интересы читателя badge ~ вчт. устройство чтения карточек идентификации card ~ вчт. устройство ввода с перфокарт card ~ вчт. устройство для считывания с перфокарт character ~ вчт. устройство для считывания знаков character ~ вчт. устройство распознавания знаков core ~ основной читатель рекламы data terminal ~ вчт. устройство ввода цифрового терминала document ~ устройство для считывания с документов document ~ устройство для чтения документов document ~ вчт. читающий автомат document ~ читающий автомат ~ читатель;
любитель книг;
he is not much of a reader он не особенно любит чтение mark ~ вчт. устройство для считывания меток optical ~ вчт. оптическое считывающее устройство pass-along ~ вторичный читатель pass-along ~ читатель, берущий периодическое издание у основного подписчика primary ~ первичный читатель reader корректор ~ преподаватель (университета) ;
лектор ~ вчт. программа считывания ~ рецензент ~ вчт. считыватель ~ вчт. считывающее устройство ~ вчт. устройство считывания ~ хрестоматия ~ читатель;
любитель книг;
he is not much of a reader он не особенно любит чтение ~ читатель ~ вчт. читающее устройство ~ чтец -
5 Bibliography
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Arquivos de Angola, 19 vols. 1st series, Luanda: 1933-59; 16 vols., 2nd series, 1960-74.■ Arquivos de Macau, 9 vols. Macau, 1929-74.■ Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa, 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society: 2nd series, no. 44 (1918) and 49 (1921).■ Bensaúde, Joaquim, ed. Histoire de la science nautiqueportugaise a l' epoque des grandes découvertes, 7 vols. Munich and Lisbon: Kuhn, 1914-24.■ Biker, Júlio Firmino Júdice, ed. Collecção de tratados e concertos de pazes que o Estado da India fez com os Reis e Senhores com que teve relações nas partes da Asia e Africa desde o princípio até ao fim do século XVIII, 14 vols. Lisbon, 1881-87.■ Bragança Pereira, A. B., ed. Arquivo Portugües Oriental, 11 vols. Bastora, Goa: Rangel, 1936-40.■ Brásio, Antônio, SJ. Monumenta missionária africana, 20 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1952-80.■ Caminha, Pero Vaz de. A Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha. Jaime Cortesão, ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1967.■ Carreira, Antônio. Documentos para a História das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e " Rios de Guiné." Lisbon: Ed. do Autor, 1983.■ Centro de Estudos Histôricos Ultramarinos. Documentação Ultramarina Portuguesa. Lisbon: CEHU, 1960-74.■ -. Documentos sobre os portugueses em Moçambique e na Africa Central, 1497-1840, 8 vols. Lisbon: National Archives of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and CEHU, 1962-80.■ Cooper, Michael, ed. They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543-1640. London: Thames and Hudson, 1963.■ Cortesao, Armando, ed. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires... and the Book of Francisco Rodrigues, 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, vols. 89, 90: 1944.■ Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira da Mota, eds. Portugalia monumenta cartographica, 6 vols. Coimbra: CMIH, 1958-63. Cunha Rivara, J. H. da, ed. Arquivo Portuguez Oriental, 9 vols. Nova-Goa, 1857-76.■ Documentos Históricos da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 135 vols. Rio de Janeiro, 1928-.■ Documentos remetidos da índia ou livros das Monções, 5 vols. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências, 1880-1935. Fernandes de Oliveira, Mário Antônio, ed. Angolana: Documentação sobre Angola, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979-80.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon: Edit. Gleba, 1947-56.■ Leite, Serafim, SJ, ed. Historia da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil, 10 vols. Lisbon, 1938-50.■ Levine, Robert M., and John J. Crocitti, eds. The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999.■ Ley, C. D., ed. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero, and Susana Münch Miranda, eds. Os primeiros 14 documentos relativos a Armada de Pedro Alvares Cabral. Lisbon: CNCDP, 1999.■ Pissurlencar, Panduronga. Assentos do Conselho do Estado da índia, 16181750, 5 vols. Bastorá-Goa, India, 1953-57.■ Sá, Padre Artur Basílio de, ed. Documentação para a história das missões do Padroado Português do Oriente: Isulíndia, 6 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1954-88.■ Silva Marques, João Martins, ed. Descobrimentos Portugueses: Documentos para a sua história, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71. Silva Rego, Antônio da, ed. Documentação para a história das missões do padroado português no Oriente. 12 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1947-58.■ Barros, João de. Asia. Hernâni Cidade, ed., 4 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colônias, 1945-46.■ Castanheda, Fernão Lopes de. História do Descobrimento e Conquista da índia pelos Portugueses. Manuel Lopes de Almeida, ed., 2 vols. Oporto: Lello, 1979.■ Correia, Gaspar. Lendas da índia. Manuel Lopes de Almeida, ed., 4 vols. Oporto: Lello, 1975.■. Crónicas de D. Manuel e D. João III ( até 1533). José Pereira da Costa, ed. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências, 1992. Couto, Diogo do. Da Asia [continues De Barros chronicle]. Hernani Cidade, ed., 4 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colônias, 1945-46.■. O soldado práctico, 2nd ed. M. Rodrigues Lapa, ed. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1954.■ Galvão, Antônio. Tratado dos Descobrimentos. Oporto: Liv. Civilização, 1944.■ Gôis, Damião de. Crónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel. Joaquim de Carvalho and David Lopes, eds., 4 vols. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 1926.■ Lopes, Fernão. Crónica de D. Pedro I. Barcelos, 1932.■. Crónica de D. Fernando, 2 vols. Barcelos: Portucalense, 1933-35.■. Crónica de El-Rei D. João I, 2 vols. Oporto: Liv. Civilização, 1945- 49.■. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, trans., eds. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Mendonça, Jerónimo de. Jornada d'Africa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1904.■ Pereira, Duarte Pacheco. Esmeraldo de situ orbis. George H. T. Kimble, trans. London: Hakluyt Society, vol. 79, 1937.■. Esmeraldo de situ orbis. Damião de Peres, ed. Lisbon: Academia Portuguesa da Histôria, 1988.■ Pina Rui de. Crónica d'El Rey D. Affonso V, 3 vols. Lisbon: Clássicos Portuguezes, 1901-2.■. Crónica d'El Rey D. Affonso II e d'El Rey D. Sancho II. Lisbon: Clássicos Portuguezes, 1906.■. Crónica d'El Rey D. Affonso III. Lisbon: Clássicos Portuguezes, 1908.■. Crónica d'El Rey D. Diniz. Oporto: Liv. Civilização, 1945.■. Crónica d'El Rey D. João II. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 1950.■. Crónica do muy excellente Dom Joham de gloriosa memoria. Lisbon, 1972-96.■ Zurara, Gomes Eanes de. The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, 2 vols. C. R. Beazley and Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Hakluyt Society, 1896-99.■. Crónica da tomada de Ceuta. Lisbon, 1915. -
7 charge
1. verb1) (to ask as the price (for something): They charge 50 cents for a pint of milk, but they don't charge for delivery.) cobrar2) (to make a note of (a sum of money) as being owed: Charge the bill to my account.) poner en la cuenta3) ((with with) to accuse (of something illegal): He was charged with theft.) acusar4) (to attack by moving quickly (towards): We charged (towards) the enemy on horseback.) cargar contra, embestir, arremeter5) (to rush: The children charged down the hill.) irrumpir6) (to make or become filled with electricity: Please charge my car battery.) cargar7) (to make (a person) responsible for (a task etc): He was charged with seeing that everything went well.) cargar
2. noun1) (a price or fee: What is the charge for a telephone call?) precio2) (something with which a person is accused: He faces three charges of murder.) acusación3) (an attack made by moving quickly: the charge of the Light Brigade.) carga4) (the electricity in something: a positive or negative charge.) carga5) (someone one takes care of: These children are my charges.) cargo (a cargo de), cuidado6) (a quantity of gunpowder: Put the charge in place and light the fuse.) carga•- charger- in charge of
- in someone's charge
- take charge
charge1 n1. cobro / precio2. acusación / cargo3. ataque / cargato be in charge mandar / ser el encargadocharge2 vb1. cobrar2. acusar3. embestir4. irrumpir / entrar corriendopeople charged into the store looking for bargains la gente irrumpió en la tienda en busca de gangastr[ʧɑːʤ]2 (responsibility) cargo■ my husband has charge of the children at weekends mi marido se hace cargo de los niños los fines de semana■ who is in charge? ¿quién es la persona encargada?3 SMALLLAW/SMALL cargo, acusación nombre femenino4 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL (attack) carga5 (explosive) carga explosiva6 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL carga1 (ask as a price - customer, amount) cobrar; (record as debit) cargar■ they charged me £20 for a haircut me cobraron £20 por un corte de pelo■ how much do you charge? ¿cuánto cobras?2 SMALLLAW/SMALL acusar ( with, de)3 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL cargar4 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL cargar contra, atacar1 (ask in payment) cobrar2 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL cargar3 (soldiers, police, etc) cargar (at, contra), arremeter (at, contra), atacar; (animal) arremeter (at, contra), embestir■ charge! ¡al ataque!, ¡a la carga!4 (rush) irrumpir\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be in charge of estar al cargo deto bring a charge against somebody formular una acusación contra alguiento charge somebody to do something ordenar a alguien que haga algoto drop charges retirar la acusación, retirar los cargosto take charge of something hacerse cargo de algoadmission charge / entry charge entradacharge account cuenta de créditocharge card tarjeta de pagocharge hand encargado,-acharge nurse enfermero,-a jefecharge sheet atestado policial1) : cargarto charge the batteries: cargar las pilas2) entrust: encomendar, encargar3) command: ordenar, mandar4) accuse: acusarcharged with robbery: acusado de robo5) : cargar a una cuenta, comprar a créditocharge vi1) : cargar (contra el enemigo)charge!: ¡a la carga!2) : cobrarthey charge too much: cobran demasiadocharge n1) : carga f (eléctrica)2) burden: carga f, peso m3) responsibility: cargo m, responsabilidad fto take charge of: hacerse cargo de4) accusation: cargo m, acusación f5) cost: costo m, cargo m, precio m6) attack: carga f, ataque mn.• munición s.f.n.• acusación s.f.• adeudo s.m.• capítulo s.m.• carga s.f.• cargo s.m.• cometido s.m.• embestida s.f.• encargo s.m.• encomienda s.f.• exhorto s.m.• gasto s.m.• gravamen s.m.• precio s.m.v.• acometer v.• acusar v.• adeudar v.• cargar v.• cobrar v.• embestir v.• encargar v.tʃɑːrdʒ, tʃɑːdʒ
I
1) c ( Law) cargo m, acusación fto bring o press charges against somebody — formular or presentar cargos contra alguien
to drop charges — retirar la acusación or los cargos
there is no charge for the service — no se cobra por el servicio, el servicio es gratis
free of o without charge — gratuitamente, gratis, sin cargo
3)a) c (command, commission) orden f, instrucción fb) ( responsibility)who is in charge? — ¿quién es el/la responsable?
to be in charge of something/somebody — tener* algo/a alguien a su (or mi etc) cargo
in the charge of somebody in somebody's charge a cargo de alguien; to take charge of somebody/something/-ing: she took charge of the situation se hizo cargo de la situación; Sarah took charge of the guests/of buying the food — Sarah se encargó de los invitados/de comprar la comida
c) c ( somebody entrusted)4) c u (Elec, Phys) carga f5) c ( of explosive) carga f6) ca) ( attack) carga fb) ( in US football) ofensiva f ( en la que se gana mucho terreno)
II
1.
1) ( accuse)to charge somebody WITH something/-ING — acusar a alguien de algo/+ inf
2) ( ask payment) cobrarthey charged him $15 for a haircut — le cobraron 15 dólares por el corte de pelo
3) ( obtain on credit)she never carries cash, she just charges everything — (AmE) nunca lleva dinero, lo compra todo con tarjeta (de crédito)/lo carga todo a su cuenta
to charge something TO somebody — cargar* algo a la cuenta de alguien
4)a) ( entrust) (frml)to charge somebody WITH something/-ING — encomendarle* a alguien algo/que (+ subj)
b) ( command) (liter)to charge somebody to + INF — ordenarle a alguien + inf or que (+ subj)
c) ( allege) (AmE) aducir*6) ( Elec) \<\<battery\>\> cargar*
2.
via)to charge (AT something/somebody) — ( Mil) cargar* (contra algo/alguien); \<\<animal\>\> arremeter or embestir* (contra algo/alguien)
charge! — al ataque!, a la carga!
b) ( rush) (colloq) (+ adv compl)[tʃɑːdʒ]1. NOUN1) (=accusation) (Jur) cargo m, acusación f ; (fig) acusación fthe charges were dropped — retiraron los cargos or la acusación
what is the charge? — ¿de qué se me acusa?
to lay o.s. open to the charge of... — exponerse a que le acusen de...
•
to bring a charge against sb — formular or presentar cargos contra algn•
he will appear in court on a charge of murder or murder charge — comparecerá ante el tribunal acusado de asesinatopress 2., 9)he was arrested on a charge of murder or murder charge — lo detuvieron bajo acusación de asesinato
2) (Mil)(Telec) charges tarifa fsing•
to put sb on a charge — arrestar a algncharge for admission — precio m de entrada
is there a charge? — ¿hay que pagar (algo)?
is there a charge for delivery? — ¿se paga el envío?
no charge for admission — entrada gratis, entrada gratuita
•
free of charge — gratis•
to make a charge for (doing) sth — cobrar por (hacer) algoprescription 2., reverse 3., 3), service 3.•
for a small charge, we can supply... — por una pequeña cantidad, podemos proporcionarle...4) (US) (=charge account)•
cash or charge? — ¿al contado o a crédito?5) (=responsibility)•
to have charge of sb/sth — hacerse cargo de algn/algoin charge•
the patients under her charge — los pacientes a su cargothe person in charge — el/la encargado(-a)
who is in charge here? — ¿quién es el encargado aquí?
in charge oflook, I'm in charge here! — ¡oye, aquí mando yo!
to be in charge of — [+ department, operation] estar al frente or al cargo de
to put sb in charge of [+ department, operation] poner a algn al frente or al cargo de; [+ ship, plane] poner a algn al mando de to take charge (of firm, project) hacerse cargo (of de)it is illegal for anyone under 16 to be left in charge of young children — es ilegal dejar a niños pequeños a cargo or al cuidado de alguien menor de 16 años
will you take charge of the situation while I'm away? — ¿te puedes hacer cargo de la situación mientras no esté yo?
6) (=person)7) (electrical) carga fto get a charge out of sth —
I got a big charge out of working with the Philharmonic Orchestra — disfruté muchísimo trabajando con la Orquesta Filarmónica
8) (=explosive) carga f10) (=financial burden) carga f•
to be a charge on... — ser una carga para...11) (Heraldry) blasón m2. TRANSITIVE VERB1) (Jur) (also fig) (=accuse) acusar ( with de)to find sb guilty/not guilty as charged — declarar a algn culpable/inocente de los delitos que se le imputan
he charged the minister with lying about the economy — acusó al ministro de mentir acerca de la economía
to charge that — (US) alegar que
2) (=ask for) [+ price] cobrarwhat did they charge you for it? — ¿cuánto te cobraron?
what are they charging for the work? — ¿cuánto cobran or piden por el trabajo?
to charge 3% commission — cobrar un 3% de comisión
3) (=record as debt)to charge sth (up) to sb, charge sth (up) to sb's account — cargar algo en la cuenta de algn
4) (=attack) [person, army] cargar contra, atacar; [bull etc] embestir5) (Elec) (also: charge up) [+ battery] cargar6) (=order)to charge sb to do sth — ordenar a algn hacer or que haga algo
I am charged with the task of modernizing the company — me han encargado la tarea de modernizar la empresa
7) (US) (in library)to charge a book — [reader] rellenar la ficha del préstamo; [librarian] registrar un libro como prestado
3. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) (=ask for a fee) cobrarthey'll mend it but they'll charge! — lo arreglarán, pero ¡te va a salir caro!
2) (=attack) [person, army] atacar; [bull] embestircharge! — ¡a la carga!
3) (Elec) (also: charge up) [battery] cargarseleave the battery to charge (up) for a couple of hours — deja que la batería se cargue durante un par de horas
4.COMPOUNDScharge account N — (US) cuenta f de crédito
charge card N — (Brit) (Comm) tarjeta f (de) cliente; (US) (=credit card) tarjeta f de crédito
charge nurse N — (Brit) enfermero(-a) m / f jefe
* * *[tʃɑːrdʒ, tʃɑːdʒ]
I
1) c ( Law) cargo m, acusación fto bring o press charges against somebody — formular or presentar cargos contra alguien
to drop charges — retirar la acusación or los cargos
there is no charge for the service — no se cobra por el servicio, el servicio es gratis
free of o without charge — gratuitamente, gratis, sin cargo
3)a) c (command, commission) orden f, instrucción fb) ( responsibility)who is in charge? — ¿quién es el/la responsable?
to be in charge of something/somebody — tener* algo/a alguien a su (or mi etc) cargo
in the charge of somebody in somebody's charge a cargo de alguien; to take charge of somebody/something/-ing: she took charge of the situation se hizo cargo de la situación; Sarah took charge of the guests/of buying the food — Sarah se encargó de los invitados/de comprar la comida
c) c ( somebody entrusted)4) c u (Elec, Phys) carga f5) c ( of explosive) carga f6) ca) ( attack) carga fb) ( in US football) ofensiva f ( en la que se gana mucho terreno)
II
1.
1) ( accuse)to charge somebody WITH something/-ING — acusar a alguien de algo/+ inf
2) ( ask payment) cobrarthey charged him $15 for a haircut — le cobraron 15 dólares por el corte de pelo
3) ( obtain on credit)she never carries cash, she just charges everything — (AmE) nunca lleva dinero, lo compra todo con tarjeta (de crédito)/lo carga todo a su cuenta
to charge something TO somebody — cargar* algo a la cuenta de alguien
4)a) ( entrust) (frml)to charge somebody WITH something/-ING — encomendarle* a alguien algo/que (+ subj)
b) ( command) (liter)to charge somebody to + INF — ordenarle a alguien + inf or que (+ subj)
c) ( allege) (AmE) aducir*6) ( Elec) \<\<battery\>\> cargar*
2.
via)to charge (AT something/somebody) — ( Mil) cargar* (contra algo/alguien); \<\<animal\>\> arremeter or embestir* (contra algo/alguien)
charge! — al ataque!, a la carga!
b) ( rush) (colloq) (+ adv compl) -
8 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN -
9 treatment
noun ((an) act or manner of treating: This chair seems to have received rough treatment; This patient/disease requires urgent treatment.) trato; tratamiento1. tratamiento2. tratotr['triːtmənt]1 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL tratamiento, cura2 (manner of treating) trato; (behaviour) conducta3 (process) tratamiento\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLpreferential treatment trato preferentetreatment ['tri:tmənt] n: trato m, tratamiento m (médico)n.• cura s.f.• terapia s.f.• tratamiento s.m.• trato s.m.'triːtməntmass & count noun1) (handling - of person, animal, object) trato m; (- of subject, idea) tratamiento m2) (of metal, fabric, waste) tratamiento mto get/give somebody the (full) treatment: those thugs certainly gave him the treatment esos matones le dieron una buena paliza; we got the full treatment: luxury accommodation, champagne... — nos trataron a cuerpo de rey: alojamiento de lujo, champán...
3) ( Med) tratamiento m['triːtmǝnt]1. N1) (=handling) [of people] trato m ; [of object] trato m, manejo m ; [of subject, idea] tratamiento mI wouldn't put up with such treatment — yo no permitiría que me trataran así or que me dieran ese trato
the judge was criticized for his harsh treatment of offenders — el juez fue criticado por su trato duro hacia los delincuentes
•
for a more extensive treatment of this subject I refer the reader to... — para ver este tema en más profundidad remito al lector a...•
at that restaurant you get the full treatment — en ese restaurante te tratan a cuerpo de rey *•
to give sb preferential treatment — dar a algn un trato preferente•
he has come in for some rough treatment from the press — ha recibido un trato duro por parte de la prensa- give sb the treatment2) (Med) tratamiento mshe has or receives or undergoes treatment twice a month — la someten a tratamiento dos veces al mes
•
a course of treatment — un tratamiento•
he needs medical treatment — le hace falta atención médica or tratamiento médico•
I am still receiving treatment for the injury — todavía estoy en tratamiento por la lesión•
to respond to treatment — responder al tratamiento3) (=processing) [of sewage, waste] tratamiento m2.CPDtreatment room N — (Med) sala f de curas
* * *['triːtmənt]mass & count noun1) (handling - of person, animal, object) trato m; (- of subject, idea) tratamiento m2) (of metal, fabric, waste) tratamiento mto get/give somebody the (full) treatment: those thugs certainly gave him the treatment esos matones le dieron una buena paliza; we got the full treatment: luxury accommodation, champagne... — nos trataron a cuerpo de rey: alojamiento de lujo, champán...
3) ( Med) tratamiento m -
10 Robert, Nicolas Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 2 December 1761 Paris, Franced. 8 August 1828 Dreux, France[br]French inventor of the papermaking machine.[br]Robert was born into a prosperous family and received a fair education, after which he became a lawyer's clerk. In 1780, however, he enlisted in the Army and joined the artillery, serving with distinction in the West Indies, where he fought against the English. When dissatisfied with his prospects, Robert returned to Paris and obtained a post as proof-reader to the firm of printers and publishers owned by the Didot family. They were so impressed with his abilities that they promoted him, c. 1790, to "clerk inspector of workmen" at their paper mill at Essonnes, south of Paris, under the control of Didot St Leger.It was there that Robert conceived the idea of a continuous papermaking machine. In 1797 he made a model of it and, after further models, he obtained a patent in 1798. The paper was formed on a continuously revolving wire gauze, from which the sheets were lifted off and hung up to dry. Didot was at first scathing, but he came round to encouraging Robert to make a success of the machine. However, they quarrelled over the financial arrangements and Robert left to try setting up his own mill near Rouen. He failed for lack of capital, and in 1800 he returned to Essonnes and sold his patent to Didot for part cash, part proceeds from the operation of the mill. Didot left for England to enlist capital and technical skills to exploit the invention, while Robert was left in charge at Essonnes. It was the Fourdrinier brothers and Bryan Donkin who developed the papermaking machine into a form in which it could succeed. Meanwhile the mill at Essonnes under Robert's direction had begun to falter and declined to the point where it had to be sold. He had never received the full return from the sale of his patent, but he managed to recover his rights in it. This profited him little, for Didot obtained a patent in France for the Fourdrinier machine and had two examples erected in 1814 and the following year, respectively, neatly side-tracking Robert, who was now without funds or position. To support himself and his family, Robert set up a primary school in Dreux and there passed his remaining years. Although it was the Fourdrinier papermaking machine that was generally adopted, it is Robert who deserves credit for the original initiative.[br]Further ReadingR.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Papermaking Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 279–83 (provides a full description of Robert's invention and patent, together with a biography).LRD -
11 Guest, James John
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 24 July 1866 Handsworth, Birmingham, Englandd. 11 June 1956 Virginia Water, Surrey, England[br]English mechanical engineer, engineering teacher and researcher.[br]James John Guest was educated at Marlborough in 1880–4 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating as fifth wrangler in 1888. He received practical training in several workshops and spent two years in postgraduate work at the Engineering Department of Cambridge University. After working as a draughtsman in the machine-tool, hydraulic and crane departments of Tangyes Ltd at Birmingham, he was appointed in 1896 Assistant Professor of Engineering at McGill University in Canada. After a short time he moved to the Polytechnic Institute at Worcester, Massachusetts, where he was for three years Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Engineering Department. In 1899 he returned to Britain and set up as a consulting engineer in Birmingham, being a partner in James J.Guest \& Co. For the next fifteen years he combined this work with research on grinding phenomena. He also developed a theory of grinding which he first published in a paper at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1914 and elaborated in a paper to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and in his book Grinding Machinery (1915). During the First World War, in 1916–17, he was in charge of inspection in the Staffordshire and Shropshire Area, Ministry of Munitions. In 1917 he returned to teaching as Reader in Graphics and Structural Engineering at University College London. His final appointment was about 1923 as Professor of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Artillery College, Woolwich, which later became the Military College of Science.He carried out research on the strength of materials and contributed many articles on the subject to the technical press. He originated Guest's Law for a criterion of failure of materials under combined stresses, first published in 1900. He was a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1900–6 and from 1919 and contributed to their proceedings in many discussions and two major papers.[br]BibliographyOf many publications by Guest, the most important are: 1900, "Ductile materials under combined stress", Proceedings of the Physical Society 17:202.1915, Grinding Machinery, London.1915, "Theory of grinding, with reference to the selection of speeds in plain and internal work", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 89:543.1917. "Torsional hysteresis of mild steel", Proceedings of the Royal Society A93:313.1918. with F.C.Lea, "Curved beams", Proceedings of the Royal Society A95:1. 1930, "Effects of rapidly acting stress", Proceedings of the Institution of MechanicalEngineers 119:1,273.RTS -
12 print
print
1. noun1) (a mark made by pressure: a footprint; a fingerprint.) huella, marca2) (printed lettering: I can't read the print in this book.) letra, caracteres3) (a photograph made from a negative: I entered three prints for the photographic competition.) copia4) (a printed reproduction of a painting or drawing.) grabado
2. verb1) (to mark (letters etc) on paper (by using a printing press etc): The invitations will be printed on white paper.) imprimir2) (to publish (a book, article etc) in printed form: His new novel will be printed next month.) publicar, editar3) (to produce (a photographic image) on paper: He develops and prints his own photographs.) imprimir, sacar una copia4) (to mark designs on (cloth etc): When the cloth has been woven, it is dyed and printed.) estampar5) (to write, using capital letters: Please print your name and address.) escribir en mayúsculas•- printer- printing
- printing-press
- print-out
- in / out of print
print1 n1. letrathe print is very small, I need my glasses la letra es muy pequeña, necesito ponerme las gafas2. huella / marcaprint2 vb1. imprimir2. escribir con letra de imprentaplease type or print clearly por favor, escriba a máquina o con letra de imprentatr[prɪnt]1 (lettering) letra■ in small print en letra menuda, en letra pequeña3 (printed fabric) estampado4 (mark - of finger, foot) huella, marca1 (book, page, poster, etc) imprimir; (publish) publicar, editar2 (photo - negative) imprimir; (- copy) sacar una copia de3 (write clearly) escribir con letra de imprenta4 (fabric) estampar5 (make impression) marcar; (mentally) grabar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLout of print agotado,-aprint ['prɪnt] vt: imprimir (libros, etc.)print vi: escribir con letra de moldeprint n1) impression: marca f, huella f, impresión f2) : texto m impresoto be out of print: estar agotado3) lettering: letra f4) engraving: grabado m5) : copia f (en fotografía)6) : estampado m (de tela)n.• estampa s.f.• grabado s.m.• impresión s.f.• letra s.f.• lámina s.f.• marca s.f.• positiva s.f.• tipo s.m.v.• estampar v.• imprimir v.• publicar v.• tirar v.prɪnt
I
1) u ( Print)a) ( lettering) letra fin large print — en letra grande or en caracteres grandes
the fine print (AmE) o (esp BrE) small print — la letra menuda or pequeña or (AmL tb) chica
b) ( text)to get into print — publicarse*
to go out of print — agotarse; (before n)
print worker — tipógrafo, -fa m,f
2) ca) (Art, Print) grabado mb) ( Phot) copia f3) c (of foot, finger) huella f, marca f4) c u ( fabric) estampado m
II
1.
1)a) \<\<letter/text/design\>\> imprimir*to print something ON/ONTO something — imprimir* algo en algo
b) \<\<fabric\>\> estamparc) ( publish) publicar*, editard) printed past p impresoprinted matter — ( Post) impresos mpl
2) ( write clearly) escribir* con letra de imprenta3) ( Phot) \<\<negative\>\> imprimir*to print a copy from something — sacar* una copia de algo
4) ( make impression) (usu pass)
2.
via) ( Print) imprimir*b) ( write without joining the letters) escribir* con letra de imprenta or de moldec) ( Phot) salir*Phrasal Verbs:[prɪnt]1. N1) (Typ) (=letters) letra f ; (=printed matter) texto m impresoI can't read this print, it's too small — no puedo leer esta letra, es demasiado pequeña
columns of tiny print — columnas fpl de letra pequeña or menuda
it presents the reader with solid masses of print — enfrenta al lector con largos párrafos de texto (impreso) ininterrumpido
•
in bold print — en negrita•
the fine print — la letra pequeña or menuda•
to be in print — (=be published) estar publicado; (=be available) estar a la ventato appear in print — [work] publicarse
the first time the term appeared in print was in 1530 — la primera vez que apareció el término en una publicación fue en 1530
•
to get into print — publicarse•
in large print — con letra grande•
to be out of print — estar agotado•
to rush into print — lanzarse a publicar•
in small print — con letra pequeña or menudaread the small print before you sign — lea la letra pequeña or menuda antes de firmar
2) (=mark, imprint) [of foot, finger, tyre] huella f, marca f ; (=fingerprint) huella f digital, huella f dactilarto take sb's prints — tomar las huellas digitales or dactilares a algn
3) (=fabric) estampado mfloral 2.4) (Art) (=etching, woodcut, lithograph) grabado m ; (=reproduction) reproducción f5) (Phot, Cine) copia f ; contact 3.2. VT1) (=set in print) [+ letters, text] imprimir; [+ money] emitir•
printed by — impreso por•
to print sth on or onto sth — estampar algo en algo2) (=write in block letters) escribir con or en letra de imprenta, escribir con or en letra de moldeprint it in block capitals — escríbalo con or en mayúsculas
3) (Phot) [+ negative] imprimir; [+ photo] sacar una copia de; [+ copy] sacar4) (fig) grabar3.VI [person] escribir con or en letra de imprenta, escribir con or en letra de molde; [machine] imprimir; [negative] salir4.CPDprint dress N — vestido m estampado
print journalist N — periodista mf de prensa escrita
print media NPL — medios mpl de comunicación impresos
print reporter N (US) — = print journalist
print shop N — (Typ) imprenta f ; (=art shop) tienda f de grabados
print union N — sindicato m de tipógrafos
print wheel N — rueda f de tipos
print worker N — tipógrafo(-a) m / f
* * *[prɪnt]
I
1) u ( Print)a) ( lettering) letra fin large print — en letra grande or en caracteres grandes
the fine print (AmE) o (esp BrE) small print — la letra menuda or pequeña or (AmL tb) chica
b) ( text)to get into print — publicarse*
to go out of print — agotarse; (before n)
print worker — tipógrafo, -fa m,f
2) ca) (Art, Print) grabado mb) ( Phot) copia f3) c (of foot, finger) huella f, marca f4) c u ( fabric) estampado m
II
1.
1)a) \<\<letter/text/design\>\> imprimir*to print something ON/ONTO something — imprimir* algo en algo
b) \<\<fabric\>\> estamparc) ( publish) publicar*, editard) printed past p impresoprinted matter — ( Post) impresos mpl
2) ( write clearly) escribir* con letra de imprenta3) ( Phot) \<\<negative\>\> imprimir*to print a copy from something — sacar* una copia de algo
4) ( make impression) (usu pass)
2.
via) ( Print) imprimir*b) ( write without joining the letters) escribir* con letra de imprenta or de moldec) ( Phot) salir*Phrasal Verbs: -
13 API
1) Общая лексика: Американский нефтяной институт3) Американизм: Accountable Property Inventory4) Военный термин: After Project Initiation, acceptable periodic inspection, acquisition program integration, advanced performance interceptor, advanced procurement information, aerial photointerpretation, angle position indicator, antenna position indicator, armor-piercing incendiary, automated programmed instruction6) Сельское хозяйство: antecedent precipitation index8) Метеорология: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization9) Юридический термин: Affluent Parents Index10) Бухгалтерия: Accountants for the Public Interest, Бухгалтеры за общественные интересы (Accountants for the Public Interest)11) Фармакология: субстанция, active product pharmaceutical, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients12) Сокращение: Academic Press, Inc., Aero Products International SAS (Italy), Aim Point Initiative, Air Photo Interpreter (UK), Air Position Indicator, Application Program Interface (standard software interface to a computer program), Application Program Interface-интерфейс прикладных программ. (Набор соглашений, определяющих правила вызова функций и передачи параметров из прикладных программ), Armour-Piercing, Incendiary, Ascent Phase Intercept, Арабская мирная инициатива (Arab Peace Initiative http://www.cmb.org.il/flashes.asp?id=19, http://www.cmb.org.il/flashes.asp?id=19)13) Университет: Academic Performance Index14) Вычислительная техника: Application Platform Interface, программный интерфейс прикладных задач, Application Program Interface (API), интерфейс прикладного программирования, (application programmer interface) интерфейс прикладного программиста, ИПП, набор готовых структур и функций, используемых в сторонних проектах, набор функций определенного проекта, доступных для использования в сторонних проектах, открытый API, интерфейс программирования приложений, автоматическое прерывание с учётом приоритетности, интерфейс прикладных программ15) Нефть: Американский нефтяной институт (American Petroleum Institute), Американский нефтяной институт (АНИ, American Petroleum Institute)16) Иммунология: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient17) Фирменный знак: American Pirate Industries, Association of Private Investigators, Automotive Professionals, Inc.18) Бурение: АНИ (American Petroleum Institute)19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: air pollution index20) Образование: показатель академической успеваемости (Academic Performance Index)21) Сетевые технологии: Application Programming Interface, automatic priority interrupt, набор системных подпрограмм, используемых для выполнения сервисных функций, предоставляемых операционной системой, интерфейс программирования приложений (Application Programming Interface)22) Полимеры: American Petroleum Institute23) Автоматика: application procedural interface25) Расширение файла: Adobe Acrobat Plug-In, Application Program Interface, Lotus 1-2-3 Printer driver, Passed parameter file (1st Reader), Application Program Interface file (Adobe Acrobat), Adobe Printer Ink file (Adobe PhotoShop)26) Нефть и газ: application programmatic interface27) Фармация: АФИ (активный фармацевтический ингредиент)28) Общественная организация: Animal Protection Institute -
14 api
1) Общая лексика: Американский нефтяной институт3) Американизм: Accountable Property Inventory4) Военный термин: After Project Initiation, acceptable periodic inspection, acquisition program integration, advanced performance interceptor, advanced procurement information, aerial photointerpretation, angle position indicator, antenna position indicator, armor-piercing incendiary, automated programmed instruction6) Сельское хозяйство: antecedent precipitation index8) Метеорология: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization9) Юридический термин: Affluent Parents Index10) Бухгалтерия: Accountants for the Public Interest, Бухгалтеры за общественные интересы (Accountants for the Public Interest)11) Фармакология: субстанция, active product pharmaceutical, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients12) Сокращение: Academic Press, Inc., Aero Products International SAS (Italy), Aim Point Initiative, Air Photo Interpreter (UK), Air Position Indicator, Application Program Interface (standard software interface to a computer program), Application Program Interface-интерфейс прикладных программ. (Набор соглашений, определяющих правила вызова функций и передачи параметров из прикладных программ), Armour-Piercing, Incendiary, Ascent Phase Intercept, Арабская мирная инициатива (Arab Peace Initiative http://www.cmb.org.il/flashes.asp?id=19, http://www.cmb.org.il/flashes.asp?id=19)13) Университет: Academic Performance Index14) Вычислительная техника: Application Platform Interface, программный интерфейс прикладных задач, Application Program Interface (API), интерфейс прикладного программирования, (application programmer interface) интерфейс прикладного программиста, ИПП, набор готовых структур и функций, используемых в сторонних проектах, набор функций определенного проекта, доступных для использования в сторонних проектах, открытый API, интерфейс программирования приложений, автоматическое прерывание с учётом приоритетности, интерфейс прикладных программ15) Нефть: Американский нефтяной институт (American Petroleum Institute), Американский нефтяной институт (АНИ, American Petroleum Institute)16) Иммунология: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient17) Фирменный знак: American Pirate Industries, Association of Private Investigators, Automotive Professionals, Inc.18) Бурение: АНИ (American Petroleum Institute)19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: air pollution index20) Образование: показатель академической успеваемости (Academic Performance Index)21) Сетевые технологии: Application Programming Interface, automatic priority interrupt, набор системных подпрограмм, используемых для выполнения сервисных функций, предоставляемых операционной системой, интерфейс программирования приложений (Application Programming Interface)22) Полимеры: American Petroleum Institute23) Автоматика: application procedural interface25) Расширение файла: Adobe Acrobat Plug-In, Application Program Interface, Lotus 1-2-3 Printer driver, Passed parameter file (1st Reader), Application Program Interface file (Adobe Acrobat), Adobe Printer Ink file (Adobe PhotoShop)26) Нефть и газ: application programmatic interface27) Фармация: АФИ (активный фармацевтический ингредиент)28) Общественная организация: Animal Protection Institute -
15 system
1) система2) устройствоАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > system
-
16 unit
1. единица; единое целое2. единица измерения наборных элементов, равная 13. элемент; агрегат; аппарат; установка; секция; узел4. печатная секция; секция печатной машиныunits to the em — количество единиц в эме, величина эма
absolute unit — единица измерения в абсолютной системе, абсолютная единица
adding unit — счётное устройство, счётный аппарат
aerograph unit — аэрограф; краскораспылитель
alcohol damping unit — спиртовой увлажняющий аппарат, увлажняющий аппарат, работающий на водно-спиртовом растворе
5. устройство для предотвращения слипания6. устройство, предотвращающее оседание пылиarch-type unit — секция арочного типа, пятицилиндровая печатная секция
7. воздуходувное устройствоdisplay unit — устройство отображения; дисплей
8. секция нагнетания воздухаbuilt-in corner-cutting unit — встроенное устройство для обрубки углов, встроенная углорубилка
90° bump turn unit — поворотное устройство, устройство для поворота на 90°
casting unit — отливное устройство, отливной аппарат
9. двухкрасочная печатная секция10. секция для двусторонней печатиcolor matching unit — устройство для сравнения колористических характеристик краски со стандартом
color viewing unit — устройство для просмотра цветных оригиналов, многокрасочных и шкальных оттисков; анализатор цвета
11. устройство для контактного копированияsingle family unit — односемейный дом, дом для одной семьи
reader unit — считывающее устройство; устройство считывания
12. контактный узел; устройство, обеспечивающее контактcontrol unit — управляющее устройство; блок управления
convertible printing unit — печатная секция, перестраиваемая с одного способа печатания на другой
corner-cutting unit — устройство для обрубки углов, углорубилка
counting-and-collating unit — счётно-подборочное устройство; счётно-подборочная секция
interrogation unit — опрашивающее устройство; блок запросов
detached unit — отсоединенный блок; открепленное устройство
13. резальная секция14. высекальная секцияdampening unit — увлажняющий аппарат; узел увлажняющего аппарата
developing unit — проявочная установка; проявляющая секция
double-width printing unit — печатная секция двойной ширины, полноформатная печатная секция
dyeline copying unit — аппарат, изготавливающий окрашенные копии
endorser unit — впечатывающее устройство; устройство для впечатывания
15. экспонирующая установка16. копировальная установкаfeeder unit — подающее устройство, самонаклад
floor-fed unit — лентопитающее устройство, установленное на уровне печатной секции
flow turn unit — поворотный стол, поворотный транспортёр
fluid injector unit — набрызгивающая секция; устройство для распыления жидкости
folder unit — фальцсекция, фальцевальная секция
graphoscreen vacuum printing-down unit — вакуумная копировальная рама типа «графоскрин»
17. полусекция; секция односторонней печати18. полусекция для печатания дополнительной краской; впечатывающее устройствоheavy-duty nipping unit — зажимное приспособление, работающее с большим усилием
industrial color matching unit — устройство для сравнения колористических характеристик краски со стандартом
infeed unit — питающая секция, самонаклад
insertion unit — вставной блок; блок для вставки
19. накатная группа красочного аппарата20. краскоподающая группа красочного аппарата21. красочный аппарат22. встроенная секция23. агрегатированные секции, неавтономные узлыmagnetic brush unit — узел проявления «магнитной кистью»
output photo unit — выводная фотонаборная секция, блок экспонирования набора
paper jogging unit — устройство для сталкивания бумажных листов, сталкиватель
construction unit — блок; модуль; узел
dosing unit — дозирующий узел; дозатор
24. секция двусторонней печати25. секция, переключаемая на запечатывание с оборотаmixed bed unit — фильтр смешанного действия; ФСД
26. фотографирующее устройствоunit name — имя устройства; номер устройства
27. блок экспонирования, фотографическая секцияplaten unit — тигельное печатное устройство; тигельный печатный аппарат
portable text entry unit — переносной наборный аппарат, переносной терминал для ввода текста
pressing unit — прессующая секция, прессующее устройство
processing unit — технологическая секция; секция обработки
punched card control unit — управляющее устройство, работающее на перфокартах
remote text entry unit — дистанционный наборный аппарат, дистанционный терминал для ввода текста
roller-type anti-setoff unit — противоотмарочный аппарат цилиндрического типа, параллоид-аппарат
protocol unit — протокольный блок; блок реализации протокола
28. ротационная листоподборочная секция29. вращающийся подборочный стол30. вторая фальцсекция31. кассета второго параллельного сгибаsensing unit — датчик, чувствительный элемент
stacked units — печатные секции, установленные друг над другом
stacking unit — стопоприёмное устройство; листоприёмное устройство
three-roller unit — трёхлучевая рулонная установка; трёхлучевая рулонная звезда
three-up bound unit — блок-тройник, тройной блок
32. слово33. совокупность данных, передаваемых как единое целоеtransmission light unit — источник света для прозрачных оригиналов, источник света для диапозитивов
two-roller unit — двухлучевая рулонная установка; двухлучевая рулонная звезда
two-up bound unit — блок-двойник, двойной блок
underfeed unit — лентопитающее устройство, расположенное в нижнем ярусе машины
34. корректор контрастности35. установка переменной чувствительностиvisual display unit — дисплей, видеотерминальное устройство
wed infeed unit — лентопитающее устройство; рулонная установка
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17 system
1. система2. устройствоAgate measuring system — типографская система мер, применяемая в газетном производстве
antimarking system — устройство, предотвращающее возникновение царапин
backup system — дублирующая система; вспомогательная система
clamping system — зажимы, устройство для зажима
color proofing system — система получения цветного пробного отпечатка или изображения; цветопроба
computer-assisted makeup and imaging system — автоматизированная система электронной вёрстки и формирования изображения
computer-controlled storage system — система складирования, управляемая от ЭВМ
computerized layout system — система электронной вёрстки, электронная система макетирования
computer paint system — система видеоживописи, система компьютерной живописи
computer-to-plate system — система бесплёночного изготовления печатных форм; система «ЭВМ — печатная форма»
computer to plate-film system — компьютер, управляющий процессом копирования изображения на формную пластину
constant current biasing transfer system — система переноса под воздействием смещающего напряжения постоянного тока
continuous film dampening system — увлажняющий аппарат непрерывного действия, создающий тонкую плёнку увлажняющего раствора
conveyor system — система конвейеров; транспортирующая система
3. система организации хранения и обработки оригиналов4. устройство подачи страниц оригиналаcopy processing system — система обработки оригинала, система обработки текста
copy-to-plate system — система бесплёночного изготовления печатных форм, система «оригинал — печатная форма»
counting system — система подсчёта; счётное устройство
cylinder storage system — устройство для хранения цилиндров; система хранения цилиндров
Dahlgren dampening system — увлажняющий аппарат фирмы «Дальгрен»
directly updatable micrographic system — микрографическая система с использованием непосредственно «изменяемых» микроформ
drafting system — система изготовления чертежей, машинное изготовление чертежей
dry dot etching system — «сухая» корректура, «сухая» ретушь
dry offset plate system — система изготовления офсетных форм, не требующих увлажнения
electronic proofing system — электронная система получения пробных изображений; электронная цветопроба
electronic publishing system — электронная издательская система, электронная система донаборной обработки текста
electrophotographic liquid developing system — устройство для жидкостного проявления электрофотографического изображения
electrostatic reproduction system — электрографическое устройство, электростатическая копировально-множительная машина
hydraulic pressure system — гидравлический механизм натиска; механизм натиска с гидроприводом
icon-driven page composition system — система пополосной вёрстки с помощью списка команд, обозначенных в виде пиктограмм
identity, security and transaction card system — комплекс оборудования для изготовления удостоверений личности, пропусков и визитных карточек
5. устройство для проявления скрытого изображения, проявляющее устройствоtape drive system — лентопротяжное устройство; лентопротяжка
6. система формирования изображения7. британская имперская система мерinquiry/response system — система "запрос-ответ"
8. типографская система мер, в основу которой положен дюймincineration system — система дожигания, система термического сжигания газообразных выбросов
infeed system — ускоряющее устройство для передачи листа с накладного стола в захваты печатного цилиндра
ink-circulating system — система циркуляции краски; система принудительного нанесения краски на печатную форму
inker system — красочный аппарат, система валиков и цилиндров красочного аппарата
in-line finishing system — отделочная система, агрегатированная с печатной машиной; система поточного брошюрования
integrated dampening system — увлажняющий аппарат, соединённый с красочным аппаратом
IR drying system — инфракрасное сушильное устройство, устройство для отверждения ИК-излучением
IR-clectrophotographic system — ИК-электрофотографическая система, электрофотографическая система, использующая инфракрасное излучение
Kashida automatic line forming system — система автоматического формирования строк способом изменения длины протяжки
laser computer output microfilm system — лазерная система вывода из ЭВМ на микрофильм, лазерная КОМ-система
lens system — оптическая система, система линз
Light Etch system — «Лайт этч систем»
magnetic braking system — система магнитного торможения, магнитный тормоз
microfilm system — микрофильмовая система; система микрофильмирования
monotone electronic prepress system — электронная система допечатной обработки чёрно-белых иллюстраций
newspaper press keyless inking system — красочный аппарат бесконтактного типа для газетных печатных машин
off-press system — система, располагающаяся вне печатной машины
on-press system — система, встроенная в печатную машину
optical reader system — оптическая считывающая система; оптическое читающее устройство
C.G.S. system — система СГС
9. система пополосного набора10. система пополосной вёрсткиpaper waste handling and recovery system — система транспортировки бумажных отходов и их вторичной переработки
pigment-binder system — система «пигмент — связующее»
pin-perforation system — устройство для перфорации, перфоратор
pin register system — система штифтовой приводки ; штифтовая приводочная система
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18 book
1) книга, литературное произведение2) том; издание3) (книжный) блок- art book- big book- law book- new book- rag book- red book- sex bookАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > book
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19 card
1) (thick paper or thin board: shapes cut out from card.) cartón2) ((also playing card) a small piece of such paper etc with designs, used in playing certain games: a pack of cards.) carta3) (a similar object used for eg sending greetings, showing membership of an organization, storing information etc: a birthday card; a membership card; a business card.) tarjeta•- cards- cardboard
card n1. tarjeta2. carta / naipewhat about a game of cards? ¿te apetece jugar a cartas?3. carnet4. cartulinatr['kɑːdɪnəl]card ['kɑrd] vt: cardar (fibras)card n1) : carta f, naipe mto play cards: jugar a las cartasa deck of cards: una baraja2) : tarjeta fbirthday card: tarjeta de cumpleañosbusiness card: tarjeta (de visita)3) : carda f (para cardar fibras)n.• carta s.f.• naipe s.m.n.• cartulina s.f.• ficha s.f.• tarjeta (Electricidad) s.f.v.• cardar v.• carduzar v.• carmenar v.
I kɑːrd, kɑːd1) ca) (for identification, access) tarjeta f; ( business card) tarjeta (de visita); ( credit card) tarjeta (de crédito)to give somebody their cards — (BrE colloq) echar a algn, darle* la patada a algn (fam)
b) ( greeting card) tarjeta f (de felicitación)Christmas card — tarjeta de Navidad, tarjeta de Pascua (Chi, Per), crismas m (Esp)
c) ( index card) ficha f; (before n)card catalog/index — fichero m
d) ( postcard) (tarjeta f) postal fe) ( for collecting) cromo m, estampa f (Méx), lámina f (Andes), figurita f (RPl)2) u ( thin cardboard) cartulina f3) c ( playing card) carta f, naipe m, baraja f (AmC, Col, Méx, RPl)a deck o (BrE) pack of cards — una baraja, un mazo (esp AmL)
to be in o (BrE) on the cards: it was in o on the cards that something like this would happen se veía venir or era seguro que iba a pasar algo así; to play cards jugar* a las cartas or (Col) jugar* cartas; to lay o put one's cards on the table poner* las cartas boca arriba or sobre la mesa; to play one's cards right — jugar* bien sus (or mis etc) cartas; chest 1)
II
transitive verb ( Tex) cardar
I [kɑːd]1. N1) (=greetings card, visiting card etc) tarjeta f; (=membership card, press card) carnet m, carné m2) (=index card) ficha f3) (=playing card) carta f, naipe mto play cards — jugar a las cartas or los naipes
4) (at dance, race) programa m5) (=thin cardboard) cartulina f6) †* (=person)isn't he a card? — ¡qué gracia tiene el tío!, ¡qué tipo más salado!
7)- ask for one's cards- get one's cards- have a card up one's sleeve- hold all the cards- lay one's cards on the table- it's on or in the cardsit's quite on or (US) in the cards that... — es perfectamente posible que... + subjun
- to play or keep one's cards close to one's chest or close to the vest- play one's cards rightChristmas, house 1., 1)2.VT(US) *3.CPDcard catalogue N — fichero m, catálogo m de fichas
card-indexcard index N — fichero m
card player N — jugador(a) m / f de cartas
card reader N — lector m de fichas
card stacker N — depósito m de descarga de fichas
card table N — mesa f de juego
card trick N — truco m de cartas
II [kɑːd] (Tech)1.N carda f2.VT cardar* * *
I [kɑːrd, kɑːd]1) ca) (for identification, access) tarjeta f; ( business card) tarjeta (de visita); ( credit card) tarjeta (de crédito)to give somebody their cards — (BrE colloq) echar a algn, darle* la patada a algn (fam)
b) ( greeting card) tarjeta f (de felicitación)Christmas card — tarjeta de Navidad, tarjeta de Pascua (Chi, Per), crismas m (Esp)
c) ( index card) ficha f; (before n)card catalog/index — fichero m
d) ( postcard) (tarjeta f) postal fe) ( for collecting) cromo m, estampa f (Méx), lámina f (Andes), figurita f (RPl)2) u ( thin cardboard) cartulina f3) c ( playing card) carta f, naipe m, baraja f (AmC, Col, Méx, RPl)a deck o (BrE) pack of cards — una baraja, un mazo (esp AmL)
to be in o (BrE) on the cards: it was in o on the cards that something like this would happen se veía venir or era seguro que iba a pasar algo así; to play cards jugar* a las cartas or (Col) jugar* cartas; to lay o put one's cards on the table poner* las cartas boca arriba or sobre la mesa; to play one's cards right — jugar* bien sus (or mis etc) cartas; chest 1)
II
transitive verb ( Tex) cardar -
20 mail
mail [meɪl]1 noun(a) (postal service) poste f;∎ to send a letter by mail envoyer une lettre par la poste;∎ the parcel got lost in the mail le colis a été égaré par la poste;∎ your cheque is in the mail votre chèque a été posté(b) (letters, parcels) courrier m;∎ has the mail arrived? est-ce que le courrier est arrivé?;∎ it came in the mail c'est arrivé au courrier;∎ was there anything in the mail for me? est-ce qu'il y avait du courrier pour moi?;∎ the mail is only collected twice a week il n'y a que deux levées par semaine(c) Computing courrier m électronique, officially recommended term mél m, French Canadian courriel m(parcel, goods, cheque) envoyer ou expédier par la poste; (letter) poster;∎ I've just mailed some money home je viens d'expédier ou d'envoyer de l'argent à ma famille∎ Press the Mail = nom abrégé du 'Daily Mail';∎ Press the Mail on Sunday = édition dominicale du 'Daily Mail'►► Computing mail address adresse f électronique;(b) Computing = messages envoyés en masse pour bloquer une boîte aux lettres, French Canadian message m piégé, bombard m;American mail carrier facteur(trice) m,f;American mail clerk employé(e) m,f responsable du courrier;American mail drop boîte f à ou aux lettres;Computing mail forwarding réexpédition f du courrier électronique;Computing mail gateway passerelle f (de courrier électronique);mail order vente f par correspondance;∎ to buy sth by mail order acheter qch par correspondance ou sur catalogue;Computing mail path chemin m du courrier électronique;Computing mail reader logiciel m de courrier électronique, client m de messagerie électronique;Computing mail server serveur m de courrier;Marketing mail survey enquête f postale;mail train train m postal;mail transfer virement m par courrier;
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